A collection of essays/papers related to the present condition of the study of linguistics in terms of Koine Greek and New Testament studies.

This is definitely a work for those who have decent to advanced understanding of Koine Greek and at least some familiarity with the greater world of linguistics.

Much is made in these essays regarding a lot of the differences in opinion regarding understanding of grammatical forms, especially how verbal aspect works, along with how much of recent linguistic theory and research is being brought to bear on New Testament studies and how.

For those with some understanding of ancient Greek and linguistics and who have interest in these matters, this is a helpful survey of the field and its conditions.

No longer is it the norm to study NT Greek independently from linguistics. However, the ever-changing nature of the literature around these fields presents an obstacle not only for those who study Greek but for those in the field of Biblical Studies. The sheer variety of approaches to New Testament Greek and the conclusions that result from these approaches are bewildering. Not only the student, but the teacher and established scholar need a guide to find their way. The state of scholarship at this time raises severe methodological and theological issues, but even after those are addressed, the need for a guide remains. Several years ago, Constantine Campbell released his Advances in the Study of Greek (2015), which was and remains a great help. This year, David Alan Black and Benjamin L. Merkle have released Linguistics and New Testament Greek, a similar volume focusing on the convergence of linguistics and NT Greek. I was grateful to receive a review copy from Baker Academic.

Summary

Linguistics and New Testament Greek is a fantastic resource for students of Greek and Biblical Studies (as well as us theologians). Given the variety of authors, each chapter of the 11 chapters hits a different register. Some chapters are more technical than an undergraduate will be comfortable with. Many others appear to be oriented towards the undergraduate student or teacher; these chapters remain useful for the scholar but are more widely accessible. Each chapter is written by an experienced scholar and offers that scholars perspective in interaction with the broader field.
After an introductory essay from Black on the need for linguistics in our study and survey of how we have come to be where we are, Stanley Porter offers a helpful survey of several important linguistics schools that are used for the study of NT Greek. Constantine Campbell provides a survey of the debate surrounding tense and aspect in Chapter 2. Michael Aubrey offers a discussion of the Greek Perfect in terms of transitivity and intransitivity in Chapter 3. This chapter is a highlight and will be quite helpful for many readers.
For those who have not read Campbell’s Advances or the literature surrounding the perfect voice, Jonathan Pennington’s chapter on the Greek Middle Voice will be an important discovery (Chapter 4). In Chapter 5, Stephen H. Levinsohn illustrates the value of discourse analysis in application to Galatians. Runge’s discussion of constituent order in Chapter 6 is highly illuminating, especially for those of us who learned early on that word order in NT Greek was a cypher yet to be cracked. In chapter 7, T. Michael W. Holcomb raises the critical issue of NT Greek pedagogy, specifically the viability of a living language approach. He identifies many administrative obstacles that such an approach faces, yet its potential is rightfully highlighted. However, for all the good this chapter does, it fails to address the most significant issues raised in the literature surrounding living language or second language learning, as I will pick up later in this review.
In Chapter 8, Randall Buth addresses the issue of pronunciation. He makes the important pedagogical points that pronunciation matters and that reading is related closely to spoken language. The chapter would have benefitted greatly from a table illustrating the pronunciation suggestions with common English examples (not IPA). He makes a significant point at the end of the chapter, “The biggest and most compelling issue for Christian scholarship is to have the fluency in speech that enhances high-level textual processing and macro-comprehension in reading.” Thomas W. Hugdins was given the difficult task in chapter 9 of addressing electronic tools and NT Greek, a feat that will be quickly dated! However, this chapter should prove useful to those who learned Greek and NT Biblical studies before the digital age took hold. In Chapter 10, Robert L. Plummer addresses the concerns with producing the “Ideal Beginner Greek Grammar.” He makes several important observations, but reflecting on the issues raised in Chapter 7 and 8 would likely lead to an even more radical “ideal.”
In my opinion, Nicholas J. Ellis’s essay in Chapter 11, “Biblical Exegesis and Linguistics” was the strongest of the bunch. He employs the insights of cognitive linguistics and discusses the past and present influence of linguistics on Biblical exegesis. He is especially interested in lexical semantics, offering a mild rebuke of the structuralist insights that have been adopted within Biblical Studies through the pioneering work of James Barr in the 60s and 70s. Most significantly, Ellis is the only essayists to address the ontological issues lying behind several other approaches, particularly Porter’s favoured Systemic Functional Linguistics. His discussion of prototype theory and observations concerning the “dynamic and constantly evolving” nature of language and meaning are particularly important. Benjamin Merkle’s concluding essay may be a little heavy-handed in its critique of some contributors. However, his meditations on the importance of “immersion” style language learning echo the pedagogical concerns of several other essays, particularly Chapter 7 and 8. This underscores our need for better pedagogy. To conclude this review, I want to reflect on this issue and the theoretical/methodological matter that is raised both by the essays themselves and by a broader consideration of language pedagogy.

Evaluation

Though three essays in Linguistics and New Testament Greek touch on issues of pedagogy, broadly recommending “living language” and “immersion” style learning, the primary evidence offered in these chapters for this approach is anecdotal. None of the authors addresses why these methods are so effective. Halcomb, for example, commends a “living language” approach. Yet, his approach requires “master teachers” (a near-impossibility for the foreseeable future) and its effectiveness is still related to “grammatical rules,” though these are acquired inductively not deductively. However, much of the literature around “living language” learning or second language acquisition addresses the problem in traditional methods as the very approach to language as “grammatical rules.” That is, when children and second language learners learn a “living language,” they often do not learn rules at all. Adults who are fluent in a language are often unable to articulate the so-called “rules” that supposedly govern that language. Some theorists argue that the brain has two tracks for learning a language. There is, on the one hand, intuitive acquisition related to fluency and, on the other, the more technical analysis of grammar and syntax. The latter, it is argued, only has a subsidiary effect on language use; it functions for language correction, not language generation or interpretation. This analysis suggests that rules play only an ancillary role in “living language” learning. The tacit ability to learn languages posited in this research aligns with many of the claims of cognitive linguistics concerning the nature of language and linguistic ontology (cf. Chapter 11 in this volume). It also corresponds to Michael Polanyi’s understanding of the process of knowing. Much learning happens at a “tacit” or “subsidiary” level. We can analyse the details of our everyday learning; however, unless this analysis is brought back to the subsidiary awareness, we run the risk of “destructive analysis,” that is, the fragmentation of the particulars of experience in the name of knowledge. Such a pursuit is usually detrimental to the pursuit of knowledge. If we really want to adopt a living language approach—and I think we should—we may not need master teachers after all. We may only need those who are a bit farther along and so can provide comprehensible language learning that advances the learners own understanding. Once the student can work their way through actual texts of Koine Greek, they could generate their own “comprehensible input” and be on track for life-long learning of the language.
The advantage of such an approach is that it abrogates the theological/methodological issue raised by the essays in this volume and the broader field. That is, if linguistic analysis is so necessary and has such value for exegesis, yet the field is relatively young and growing at a bewildering rate in contradictory directions (compare SFL and the Cognitive-Functional approaches), what happens to the Biblical teaching of clarity? If God wrote the Bible to be understood for over three millennia, yet only now do we understand the languages in which it was written, are we not in a privileged place to finally access its meaning? Furthermore, only select scholars have access to this knowledge, and they frankly admit that the field is ever-evolving—threatening their now sure consensuses. How, then, is the Bible clear in any meaningful sense? However, if “living language” learning is on the right track, we can affirm the value of linguistics AND retain our doctrine of clarity. In the latter case, we can learn Koine and Classical Hebrew as living languages; we have a sufficient corpus and the innate ability. Such learning is not dependent on any single linguistic theory and corresponds to our daily use of language. In the former case, we can maintain a role for linguistics. Linguistics paved the way for living languages approaches. Linguistic research is invaluable for overturning the false dogmas of a bygone age, as Barr did for lexical fallacies and later linguistics has for his structuralism. When linguistics confronts our theories with contradictory data, leading us to abandon those theories, it has sharpened our discipline. This volume is full of such examples. Finally, linguistics gives us a grammar for persuasion. That is, living language theory provides the reader with the tools to read well. However, it does not equip him or her to defend that reading or persuade another concerning their interpretation. Linguistics gives us tools to understand why we understood it the way we did and to defend it to others. Linguistics may, therefore, be an important tool in our tool belts. However, on this understanding, a lack of linguistic training or even participation in the wrong linguistic school does not impede the contemporary pastor or scholar, as it need not have for the original readers or those who have read and used Greek since then.

Last year, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary hosted a conference dubbed “Linguistics and New Testament Greek: Key Issues in the Current Debate.” I was there. It was fun. And I was happy to see Baker has released a book with the same name—Linguistics and New Testament Greek: Key Issues in the Current Debate. The presenters packaged their papers into readable chapters into what’s actually a really good book. The atmosphere of the conference was kind of fun, but I got more out of reading the proceeds in print than listening to the speakers in person. This is an edited volume with eleven chapters and contributors. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and the contributors tackle different facets of the study of the language of Koine Greek. I’ve commented briefly on each chapter below and offered my concluding remarks at the end.

Linguistic Schools
Stanley E. Porter

Porter surveys the major linguistic schools at work in the study of NT Greek. He qualifies what he means by school before describing traditional grammar, formalists, cognitivists, and functionalists. Here’s the current linguistic landscape. There are different approaches so it’s important to know who is who and what separates the linguists from the linguists. Obviously, Porter would have us all embrace Systemic Functional Linguistics, but he makes the good points that there is plenty of variety in the field and plenty of uncharted territory to plow. And, I would like to add, it’s always nice to see Paul Danove’s often ignored “case frame analysis” receive some attention. (Danove’s work is something I’ve even written on myself.)

Aspect and Tense in New Testament Greek
Constantine R. Campbell

Aspect is viewpoint. There is scholarly disagreement in some areas. There is scholarly disagreement in others. Campbell wrote a book called Basics of Verbal Aspect in Biblical Greek. If you’ve read it before, you can probably skip this chapter.

The Greek Perfect Tense-Form: Understanding Its Usage and Meaning
Michael G. Aubrey

This is probably the chapter of greatest significance as far as cutting-edge developments go. Explaining the perfect is notoriously difficult. Doing so is like gathering the winds in your fist or wrapping up the waters in a garment. But if every word of Aubrey proves true, then we need to concern ourselves with event structure and transitivity. There are lots of examples. Rachel does a lot of stuff. 1 And what should really get our attention is that not all verbs, notably many with stative senses, have the option of forming a perfect. This seems to support Aubrey’s argument on the significance of transitivity. You will probably need to read this chapter through a couple of times, but it’s worth it.

The Greek Middle Voice: An Important Rediscovery and Implications for Teaching and Exegesis
Jonathan T. Pennington

Pennington rehashes the history of abolishing the deponent. He played a major role in this reversal. His thesis is that the middle is marked for subject-affectedness. From there we determine if the subject is the agent of the action (and therefore translated as an English active) and, if not the agent, we translate it as an English passive.

Discourse Analysis: Galatians as a Case Study
Stephen H. Levinsohn

Levinsohn performs his version of discourse analysis on Galatians. His methodology comes from years of study and experience. Here are his recommended steps:

Determine the Nature of the Discourse
Determine the Broad Genre of the Letter
Determine the Major Division of the Discourse
Find Surface Features That Support Different Boundaries
Consider the Implications of Each Inter-sentential Conjunction
Look for Prominence-Giving Devices at Various Levels
These are helpful steps we would all do well to incorporate into our exegetical workflow.

Interpreting Constituent Order in Koine Greek
Steven E. Runge

Can we determine the meaning behind the ordering of phrases and clauses? Runge agrees that Verb—Object or Verb—Subject are the most neutral orderings. We expect a certain order. Pragmatic motivation explains violations of that expected order. If you’ve read Runge’s Discourse Grammar of the Greek New Testament, you are already familiar with Dik’s “(P1) (P2) X” template. It’s the most convincing explanation for constituent order I’ve found. Runge sells it well.

Living Language Approaches
T. Michael W. Halcomb

If you’re looking for a historical survey of dead language pedagogy, this chapter is what you’ve been searching for. But there are lessons to learn. And treating Koine Greek as a living language would revolutionize the seminary classroom. Even taking a few cues from a living language approach would, according to Halcomb. There are challenges to improving our language education culture, but there are some compelling reasons to consider some changes.

The Role of Pronunciation in New Testament Greek Studies
Randall Buth

Buth calls for another revolution in the classroom: ditch your Erasmian pronunciation and speak a historically reconstructed pronunciation. There is pedagogical payoff. There is exegetical payoff. It makes sense. If we want to process and interpret a text the way the original audience did, we would do well to speak it the way they did.

Electronic Tools and New Testament Greek
Thomas W. Hudgins

I feel like Hudgins drew the short straw here. Surveying electronic tools might have been a better topic for a blog post than a chapter in this book. I felt like this one was a little out of place. I would add that this was one presentation that I actually preferred to the printed chapter. Hudgins style was unique to say the least. (You can watch it here along with the other sessions here.) My favourite quote was: “I think if we’re still using paper then we’re probably not living in the world God wants us to be living in.”

An Ideal Beginning Greek Grammar?
Robert L. Plummer

Plummer (of Daily Dose of Greek fame) reminds us to love God, trust His sovereignty, and not allow ourselves to get too “locked in.” He then gives us the boxes a solid Greek grammar needs to check. Every NT Greek instructor needs to read this chapter. My only critique is Plummer never tells us if he actually uses a Dvorak keyboard.

Biblical Exegesis and Linguistics: A Prodigal History
Nicholas J. Ellis

Perhaps this chapter was intended to serve alongside Porter’s as a bookend. He discusses the history of linguistics in biblical studies. He contends we’re deficient in linguistics. Porter and his tribe are the only ones doing linguistics and everyone else (who presumably disagrees with Porter) is doing nothing. Linguistics is relevant to our field. It’s a necessary component of exegesis. We should use it as we fulfill the Great Commission. Amen.

Conclusion
If you have not explored any of these areas before, this is an excellent point of entry into the world of linguistics. I would recommend this book to anyone who has a year of Greek under their belt and is serious about exegesis. Mike Aubrey’s chapter on the perfect is essential reading. Porter’s chapter on linguistic schools is good history. Plummer’s chapter is good for the soul. Contributions from Campbell, Runge, Levinsohn, and Pennington are good, but I’ve already read their stuff elsewhere. Drawing the net even tighter, those who teach stand to benefit the most as they make decisions on pronunciation, the middle voice, and a living language approach. This book makes a substantive step towards improving our understanding of the Greek language while challenging us to do better.

review

This book covers several important topics in Greek study and translation, such as the ways to understand the perfect tense to disputing the validity of “deponency” to pronunciation. These could be valuable to advanced students and scholars alike. Each author does a good job of presenting his topic and provides references to secondary literature that a reader could consult for further study. My impression from teaching Greek is that it is all that a first-year student can do to learn the basics of grammar. That first year would have to include overviews of many topics not usually covered, like verbal aspect, to prepare a student for this book.

Chapter one, by Porter, orients readers to the issues and some of the vocabulary that will be found in other chapters. However, reading it makes me feel like it will be challenging to those who have not studied linguistics. Porter names several people that are important for linguistic theories that many are unlikely to have read. This means the chapter will be tough going for some readers. I think the idea of a student with one year of Greek but unfamiliar with the topics and vocabulary will have a difficult time and might indeed find it too difficult. This book desperately needs an extensive glossary, as chapters use terms that have not necessarily been defined by other authors. While the order of chapters could be flexible, readers need to read the chapter on verbal aspect before venturing further. I have read a couple of books on linguistics and New Testament Greek, including Silva’s Biblical Words and Their Meaning but that has not prepared me for transivity That topic, while perhaps important, does not have an obvious “take away” for students. Buth’s chapter on pronunciation shows the relevance of pronunciation, reading, and speaking Greek. It offers pedagogical insights. On the other hand, it is difficult to translate the chapter on the perfect tense into an explanation one could use for exegesis. It shows possibilities but it leaves this reader with the sense that the meaning or significance of the perfect tense is still being debated. That makes it difficult to apply. The book could be improved by each author showing an example of how to use the chapter’s topic in exegesis. I wanted to like this book and did learn from it but it could be made more useful to students and probably two years of Greek will be needed to get the most out of it.

Some chapters, like Michael Aubrey’s on the perfect tense are much easier to follow without a lot of technical background. He explained most of he terms he used, though he assumed that readers already understood aspect. Aubrey offers many examples to demonstrate his point and these are quite helpful. Jonathan Pennington’s chapter on deponency is a valuable contribution, as almost all beginning grammars talk about this category due to the fact that many common verbs do not have ah active form. Runge’s chapter on word order focuses on a difficult topic that is important for New Testament interpretation and that many seem to not understand. Levisohn’s chapter on discourse analysis offers some helpful ideas.

When I was in seminary (10+ years ago), my favorite professor/mentor was Dr. Rod Decker who taught most of the Koiné Greek classes. He kept us up to date on the latest goings on in the world of New Testament Greek linguistics, because getting the most out of learning the biblical languages takes more than memorizing vocabulary and verb conjugations. This collection of scholarly essays provides that kind of help for the intermediate Koiné Greek student (or pastor who is trying to keep current).

This book does require some knowledge of the subject matter and academic jargon. For example, expect sentences like, “This, Barber rightly argues, encapsulates the basic polarity between the active and middle voices, and it does so in categories that manifestly entail a difference in transitivity.” These essays come from presentations at a conference, so their overall tone is slightly more conversational that normal for an academic work, but they are still fairly dry overall.

Most of the chapters relate to one of three topics: linguistic theories, verbal tense/aspect, and the best way to teach/learn New Testament Greek. The authors are not all in agreement on some of the issues (e.g. the aspect of the perfect/pluperfect tense), so you get to see some scholarly interaction in those cases. I thoroughly enjoyed dipping back into the academic world, and picked up at least a few things that should prove helpful in my personal study. I would highly recommend this book to those with some knowledge of Koiné.

This is mainly based on greek academics book. I would suggest, only read this if you want to gain knowledge or very thoroughly want to understand Greece